New Delhi: The National Campaign Against Torture (NCAT), a rights group based in New Delhi, in its report titled 'The Status Of COVID-19 In Indian Prisons', stated that out of the 1,350 jails in India, COVID-19 infections have been reported from at least 351 jails in 25 out of total 36 States or Union Territories of the country as of 31 August 2020. It further brought attention to the overcrowding in jails, which could trigger more outbreaks.
As per the NGO, the maximum number of COVID-19 infections in prisons was reported from Uttar Pradesh (35 jails), followed by Madhya Pradesh (34), Maharashtra (32), Odisha (31), Andhra Pradesh (28), Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu (21 each), Assam (19), West Bengal (18), Punjab (17), Bihar (15), Delhi (14), Jharkhand (13), Karnataka (9), Haryana (8), Kerala (7), Gujarat and Chhattisgarh (6 each), Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand (5 each), Telangana (3) and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Goa, Puducherry, and Tripura (1 each).
Among the COVID-19 infected prisons, 52 prisons had overcrowding from 101% to 312% as of December 21, 2018, as per the "Prison Statistics of India -2018" of the National Crime Records Bureau with Mumbai Central Jail topping the list with 312% overcrowding followed by Thiruvananthapuram Central Jail, Kerala (306%), Badaun District Jail, Uttar Pradesh (289%), Latchar District Jail, Jharkhand (268%), Muradabad District Jail, Uttar Pradesh (256%), Khandwa District Jail (252%) and Baidhan District Jail (251%) of Madhya Pradesh, Jail No.4 (239%) and Jail No. 1 (238%) of Tihar Jail Delhi and Jaunpur District Jail (237%) of Uttar Pradesh.
"The overcrowding of 18.54% in Indian prisons i.e. 4,78,600 prisoners against the actual or sanctioned capacity for 4,03,739 prisoners as reported by "Prison Statistics India-2019" is deceptive as it does not reflect the true extent of overcrowding in each of the 1,350 prisons," the NCAT said.
"As per the "Prison Statistics India-2018" which provides the latest information on prison-wise overcrowding, an issue not covered by the "Prison Statistics India-2019", out of the 1,348 prisons in India as on 31.12.2018, about 538 prisons or 40% of the total jails were found to be overcrowded ranging from 1 to 636 % over and above their officially sanctioned capacities. Out of these 538 overcrowded prisons, 34 prisons were found to have overcrowding ranging from 201% to 636% while about 100 prisons had overcrowding varying from 100% to 200% and 404 prisons had overcrowding ranging from 1% – 99%," Suhas Chakma, Coordinator of the NCAT, said.
Irinjalakkuda Special Jail in Kerala with 636% overcrowding topped the list of the ten worst overcrowded prisons in India followed by Palakkad Special Jail (513%) of Kerala, Lalitpur District Jail (355%) of Uttar Pradesh; Maihar Sub-Jail (343%), and Tarana Sub-Jail (315%) of Madhya Pradesh; Mumbai Central Jail (312%) of Maharashtra; Thiruvananthapuram Central Jail (306%) of Kerala; Badaun District Jail (289%) of Uttar Pradesh; Dindori District Jail (270%) of Madhya Pradesh; Latchar District Jail (268%) and Gumla District Jail (264%) of Jharkhand, among other jails.
The body further pointed out that since Indian prisons are overcrowded, the potential of spreading COVID-19 in case of any prisoner getting infected with the COVID-19 virus is extremely high, on 13 March 2020 the Supreme Court of India intervened through Re: Contagion of COVID 19 Virus in Prison [Suo Motu Writ Petition (Civil) No.1/2020] and issued a number of directions for decongestion of prisons by releasing prisoners.
The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative reported that over 61,100 prisoners were released which had about 15.4% overall reduction in the occupancy rate of the prisons in India as of September 7, 2020.
"The overall reduction of 15.4% in overall occupancy is not adequate to address the overcrowding of 40% of the Indian prisons including 134 prisons having overcrowding from 100% to 636% and the rights of the prisoners not to be subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment and the right to be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person are recognised under India's constitutional jurisprudence and Article 10(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which is applicable in India as per Sections 2(1)(d) and 2(1)(f) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993," Chakma said.
The NCAT has urged all the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations to provide monthly update on prison-wise occupancy against sanctioned capacity; evaluate the overcrowding and recommend transfer of prisoners from overcrowded prisons to other prisons with low number of prisoners vis-a-vis sanctioned capacity, and regularly assess which prisoners can be released on parole or an interim bail.