DHEMAJI: For most of the days between May and September, Mitali Dole of Medhipamua village in Dhemaji district of Assam lives in uncertainty. Residing in one of the most flood-prone districts with a population of over 6.86 lakh (Census 2011), she is on alert day and night, gauging the water level in the Brahmaputra.
"We stock dry food and stay indoors. Once the water level or speed of flow increases, we shift to a safer place as our bamboo houses may collapse. In case of severe floods and widespread damage, we spend several weeks at the relief camp set up at a higher elevation," she says.
According to the Council on Energy, Environment, and Water 2021 report, Assam ranks first among the climate vulnerable states in India. Medhipamua is dominated by Mising tribals, also known as the 'River People' as they are believed to have migrated from Arunachal Pradesh to settle on the banks of the Brahmaputra. They reside in 'chang ghor' or stilt houses, built mostly from bamboo at a height of six to eight feet.
Though houses may remain dry during floods, sanitation is a challenge. The brick-and-mortar toilets are situated outside their homes at ground level, and get submerged when the floodwater arrives.
"In extreme situations, we women are forced to relieve ourselves at one corner of our houses as toilets become unusable." "We try to take our boats to places that are dry and at a higher elevation, but that is not possible all the time," admits Sunita Dole, whose house is barely 300 m from the riverbank.
"We always have this nagging fear that someone might see us attending to nature's call." "At night, we also feel insecure wading through the floodwaters in the dark," she adds.
Her statement shows that though the state government has been setting up shelter homes and relief camps, providing services of midwives, and operating anganwadis in relief camps, there is scope for more work.
Flood-only toilets
The sanitation woes prompted an NGO, the Rural Volunteer Centre (RVC), which has worked extensively with flood-affected communities, to collaborate with UNICEF to offer a solution. After multiple delays during the COVID-19 period, two common concrete toilets and a tubewell were built with the help of villagers in Medhipamua by November last year.
Located on a raised platform on an unused plot just across the road, it is barely a minute's walk from the houses. Unless extremely necessary, these toilets should be used only during floods. For the rest of the time, people should use their individual toilets.
"We built this common utility as it is not possible to construct an elevated toilet for every house." "The raised platform has enough room to accommodate 70 to 80 families when the village faces inundation," says RVC director Luit Goswami.
"These toilets give us a sense of dignity. Women and adolescent girls feel embarrassed defecating outside. They are close to our homes, so we do not have to depend on anyone to reach there," Mitali says.
With floods affecting livelihood opportunities, the migration of men in search of work to southern states has increased. Often, women and children are left behind at home, which makes them a priority in building community-resilience mechanisms.
"In case of an emergency, the first responders are always the community. So, it is important to impart safety skills to them. Women and children need to be empowered to face any eventuality," says RVC block coordinator Dharam Raj.
Child-friendly spaces
In the Ajarbari village of Mukhtiyaar gram panchayat, Nitul Hajong, a college student, takes classes for flood-affected children.
"Schools are closed for weeks or even a couple of months depending on the severity of the floods. This hampers studies. To make things easier for primary school children, some of us conduct regular classes," Hajong says.
The classes are held at a Child Friendly Space (CFS) that forms an important part of the flood relief camp in the locality. Launched as a pilot in Dhemaji and Majuli districts in 2017, the CFS has since become an integral part of the relief camp management process in the state. It operates as per the guidelines set by the Assam State Disaster Management Authority and can serve as both anganwadi centers and other educational facilities.
The CFS helps children tide over physical and psychosocial distress caused by floods. They are encouraged to learn coping strategies by socializing with others under adult supervision. "The idea is to provide a safe space, so that the trauma of frequent floods and disasters does not hamper the growth and learning opportunities of children. Here, health officials also take care of their nutritional needs," says Goswami.
Sishu sabhas
In 2019, the State Institute of Panchayat and Rural Development, RVC, and UNICEF collaborated in Bahir Jonai and Sille panchayats of Dhemaji to organize the first-ever gaon sishu sabha, wherein children were asked to bring up the issues they face during disasters.
Sishu Sabhas were proposed as an annual event to help children, who form one of the most vulnerable sections of society. The event, to be held in schools in the presence of teachers and panchayat leaders, could not be organized in the subsequent years due to COVID-19 lockdown. The discussions right now are more about the problems they face and less solution-centric, because the initial intention is to make them vocal.
A similar sabha was organized in December at Lai-Mekuri gram panchayat, where the students highlighted issues ranging from infrastructure to education before the panchayat officials.
Kalyum Doley, a student at the government high school in Lai-Mekuri, spoke about how technology can help improve education. "We faced COVID-19, and we also deal with floods yearly. Our education is affected as classes remain shut for so long. So, we (students) suggest a learning app that will help us study even if schools remain shut," she makes her point clear.
"Drinking water is always an issue after floods. As students, we are taught that unclean water causes several diseases. We urge the elders to commit to clean water facilities all year round," Munu Bodo, another student, was heard saying.
"Participation of children is of utmost importance to understanding how they feel or react to a situation. We now plan to replicate Dhemaji's sishu sabha model in other districts of Assam," says Goswami.
Besides sishu sabha, schoolchildren in Dhemaji district are also participating in mock drills. In Bera Milan ME School in Rabha Kathani Malbhog, which has 134 students enrolled, one session every Saturday has been dedicated to disaster management and related teaching under the Saturday for Resilience Program.
"Living in a disaster-prone area, it is important that the students learn and understand the practical aspects of dealing with them. So, we conduct mock drills on safe evacuation during earthquakes twice a month. On other Saturdays, we discuss a disaster and impart basic knowledge on it to children," says Jintu Kumar Gogoi, an assistant teacher at the school.
Through all these initiatives, the government and other supporting agencies hope to make the next flood season a bit better for the people of Dhemaji.
(Tazeen Qureshy is a Bhubaneswar-based journalist and a member of 101Reporters, a pan-India network of grassroots reporters.)
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