Breaking barriers and shaping the future: women in politics in India

Madhurjya Saikia

(madhurjyatu15@gmail.com)

In the diverse tapestry of India’s political landscape, women have been gradually breaking through barriers and carving out their path to leadership and governance. The story of women in Indian politics is one of resilience, determination, and a persistent quest for equality and representation. Over the years, women have made significant strides in the political arena, challenging traditional norms and stereotypes that have long confined them to the domestic sphere. This article explores the evolution and current status of women in politics in India, shedding light on the challenges they have faced and the remarkable achievements that have marked their journey. From iconic leaders to grassroots activists, women in Indian politics continue to shape the nation’s future in powerful and inspiring ways.

Before India gained independence in 1947, the role of women in politics was somewhat limited, yet their contributions were pivotal to the country’s struggle for freedom from British colonial rule. Women actively participated in the nationalistic movements, with figures like Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta, Madam Bhikaji Cama, Annie Besant, Savitribai Phule, and Kamala Nehru emerging as prominent leaders. They organized rallies, led protests, and played vital roles in shaping public opinion against British imperialism. Despite facing societal constraints and limited opportunities, many women engaged in local politics and social reform initiatives, working towards issues such as women’s education, social equality, and the abolition of discriminatory practices. The period also witnessed the formation of women’s organizations like the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) and the Women’s Indian Association (WIA), which advocated for social and political rights. While women’s formal participation in electoral politics was limited, their involvement in the larger freedom struggle laid the foundation for their future role in independent India’s political landscape. The struggle for independence served as a catalyst, paving the way for greater recognition of women’s political agency in the post-independence era.

After gaining independence in 1947, the role of women in Indian politics began to evolve significantly. The newly formed Indian Constitution recognised gender equality and provided women with equal political rights. Women actively participated in the nation-building process at the national and state levels. Women started to serve as Members of Parliament, Members of Legislative Assemblies, and even held cabinet positions. Women’s representation in local governance, thanks to the Panchayati Raj system after the 73rd amendment of the Indian Constitution, further empowered them politically. Reservations for women in local bodies ensured their active participation and contribution to grassroots development. Indian women in politics have continued to make strides, proving their mettle as leaders, policymakers, and catalysts for social change in the world’s largest democracy. In 2008, the Constitution (One Hundred and Eighth Amendment) Bill sought to reserve one-third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies. The bill sought to allocate reserved seats, which would be determined by such authority as prescribed by Parliament. One-third of the total number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes should be reserved for women of those groups in the Lok Sabha and the legislative assemblies.

Women’s participation in the leadership of politics in India is of paramount importance for several compelling reasons. First and foremost, it fosters diversity and inclusivity in decision-making processes, ensuring that a broader spectrum of perspectives, experiences, and priorities are taken into account. This diversity is crucial in a nation as diverse as India, where different regions, cultures, and backgrounds coexist. Furthermore, women’s representation in politics serves as a powerful symbol of gender equality, inclusivity, and empowerment. It challenges entrenched patriarchal norms and stereotypes, inspiring other women to pursue leadership roles across various sectors. It sets a precedent that women can and should play active roles in shaping the nation’s policies and governance. Their presence in leadership positions can lead to the formulation of more balanced and equitable policies. Ultimately, women’s participation in politics enhances the overall quality of governance, making it more responsive to the needs of all citizens. It reflects the principles of democracy and strengthens the foundation of a just and equitable society in India, upholding the constitutional morality of gender justice. Also, women in politics play a pivotal role in advancing gender justice. Their presence challenges traditional power structures and promotes policies addressing unequal participation, which is not a characteristic of inclusive democracy. Women’s leaders advocate for equal opportunities, reproductive rights, and protection from violence. They inspire positive social change by dismantling stereotypes and encouraging women’s participation in decision-making. Gender-balanced political representation is vital for shaping laws and policies that safeguard women’s rights, promoting inclusivity and fairness in societies worldwide. It fosters an environment where the diverse needs and experiences of all genders are acknowledged and addressed, ultimately leading to greater social equity and justice for the greater good of all.

To enhance the representation of women in Indian politics, the government should adopt a comprehensive strategy. This strategy should involve the continuation and expansion of reserved seats for women in state and national legislatures, as this has proven effective in boosting women’s political participation at the grassroots level through constitutional amendments. Additionally, investing in educational programmes and awareness campaigns that encourage women’s active political engagement and leadership roles from an early age is crucial. Financial support and resources should be provided to female candidates, particularly those from marginalised backgrounds, to level the playing field. Enacting legislation that mandates political parties to nominate a certain percentage of female candidates can incentivize parties to support women in politics. Ensuring a safe and harassment-free political environment for women is essential, with strict enforcement of laws against gender-based violence and harassment in politics. The media should also be encouraged to portray women politicians positively and cover their achievements, inspiring more women to participate in politics. Collaboration with civil society organisations and women’s groups, mentorship programmes, data collection for monitoring progress, and fostering a supportive network for women in politics are all vital components of this effort. By implementing these strategies, the Indian government can create a more inclusive and representative political landscape, ensuring that women have equal opportunities to shape the nation’s policies and governance.

In conclusion, the journey of women in Indian politics has been marked by determination, resilience, and the pursuit of equality. From the pre-independence struggle to contemporary politics, women have shattered glass ceilings, continued to make significant strides, and displayed leadership in all dimensions. Their presence in leadership positions has not only broadened the spectrum of perspectives but has also led to policies addressing gender equality, healthcare, education, and social welfare. Both the union and the state government must continue to implement policies that encourage women’s participation, provide financial support, and create a safe environment for women in politics. By doing so, India can further harness the potential of its female leaders and move closer to achieving a truly representative democracy that reflects the diversity and aspirations of its population.